A summary of research relating to second and third grade reading

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston UniversityPURPOSE: To discover the reliability of the adjustment scale using two raters. This study was conducted to help determine whether the instrument used in this study gives a reliable measure of classroom adjustment. PROCEDURE: The teacher checklist of classroom adjustment devised at Boston University School of Education was the instrument used. The instrument was built to follow the activities of a normal classroom day [TRUNCATED

Maternal and fetal blood lipid concentrations during pregnancy differ by maternal body mass index: findings from the ROLO study

Abstract Background Pregnancy is a time of altered metabolic functioning and maternal blood lipid profiles change to accommodate the developing fetus. While these changes are physiologically necessary, blood lipids concentrations have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as gestational diabetes, pregnancy-induced hypertension and high birth weight. As blood lipids are not routinely measured during pregnancy, there is limited information on what is considered normal during pregnancy and in fetal blood. Methods Data from 327 mother-child pairs from the ROLO longitudinal birth cohort study were analysed. Fasting total cholesterol and triglycerides were measured in early and late pregnancy and fetal cord blood. Intervals were calculated using the 2.5th, 50th and 97.5th centile. Data was stratified based on maternal body mass index (BMI) measured during early pregnancy. Differences in blood lipids between BMI categories were explored using ANOVA and infant outcomes of macrosomia and large-for-gestational-age (LGA) were explored using independent student T-tests and binary logistic regression. Results All maternal blood lipid concentrations increased significantly from early to late pregnancy. In early pregnancy, women with a BMI  30 kg/m2) had higher concentrations than both women in the normal-weight and overweight category in early and late pregnancy (P < 0.001 and P = 0.03, respectively). In late pregnancy, triglyceride concentrations remained elevated in women in the obese category compared to women in the normal-weight category (P = 0.01). Triglyceride concentrations were also elevated in late pregnancy in mothers that then gave birth to infants with macrosomia and LGA (P = 0.01 and P = 0.03, respectively). Conclusion Blood lipid concentrations increase during pregnancy and differ by maternal BMI. These intervals could help to inform the development of references for blood lipid concentrations during pregnancy. Trial registration ROLO Study - ISRCTN54392969 . Date of registration: 22/04/2009

Characteristics of mothers and infants.

<p>Characteristics of mothers and infants.</p

Multiple regression model examining the associations between maternal blood lipids and birth weight as an outcome.

<p>Multiple regression model examining the associations between maternal blood lipids and birth weight as an outcome.</p

Multiple regression model examining the associations between maternal blood lipids and 6-month infant weight as an outcome.

<p>Multiple regression model examining the associations between maternal blood lipids and 6-month infant weight as an outcome.</p

Scatter plot displaying the association between birth weight and late pregnancy triglyceride concentrations stratified by BMI category.

<p>Scatter plot displaying the association between birth weight and late pregnancy triglyceride concentrations stratified by BMI category.</p

Concentrations of blood lipids (Median (IQR).

<p>Concentrations of blood lipids (Median (IQR).</p

Scatter plot displaying the association between birth weight and cord triglyceride concentrations stratified by BMI category.

<p>Scatter plot displaying the association between birth weight and cord triglyceride concentrations stratified by BMI category.</p